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Anatomical investigations of the non-human primate brain reveal that there is a consistent pattern of white matter fiber tracts that emanate from every region of the cerebral cortex (Schmahmann and Pandya, 2006). Neurons within any cortical area give rise to five distinct categories of efferent fibers. These are (1) association fibers, (2) striatal fibers, and a confluence of fibers (the “cord”) that carries (3) commissural fibers, and subcortical (projection) fibers to (4) thalamus, and (5) brainstem and/or the pontocerebellar system (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1 Fig. 1 Diagram (A) and schema (B) of the principles of organization of white matter fiber pathways emanating from the cerebral cortex. Long association fibers are seen end-on as the stippled area within the white matter of the gyrus. In their course, these fibers ... Association fibers comprise local, neighborhood and long association fibers. Local, or U-fibers, are closely apposed to the undersurface of the sixth layer, and are directed to cortical regions in the same or adjacent gyri. Neighborhood association fibers are distinct from local U-fibers and are directed to nearby cortical regions, e.g., the fibers that connect the inferior parietal lobule to the medial parietal cortex. Long association fibers are the named fiber tracts that travel within the central part of the white matter of the core of the gyrus and link distant cortical areas within the same hemisphere